Biosorption of Indigo Carmine onto Duck Egg White-Modified Longan Peel Biosorbent: Effect of Particle Size and Contact Time

Fadli Waarsyat; Desy Kurniawati; Sri Benti Etika; Trisna Kumala Sari; Saddam Husein; Jeningsih; Septian Budiman

doi:10.24036/eksakta/vol27-iss02/665

EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA

Open Access

Biosorption of Indigo Carmine onto Duck Egg White-Modified Longan Peel Biosorbent: Effect of Particle Size and Contact Time

Fadli Waarsyat ¹

, Desy Kurniawati ¹

, Sri Benti Etika ¹

, Trisna Kumala Sari ¹

, Saddam Husein ²

, Jeningsih ³

, Septian Budiman ⁴

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia

² Materials Science and Progressing, Graduate School of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan

³ Institute of Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

⁴ Interdisciplinary Program of Nanoscience and Technology, Collage of Interdisciplinary and Integrative Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Published 2026-04-30

Vol. 27 No. 02 (2026) PAGES 155-166

DOI 10.24036/eksakta/vol27-iss02/665

Views / Downloads 42 32

Download PDF

Abstract

The increasing demand in the textile industry ideally requires effective wastewater treatment systems to prevent environmental pollution. These pollutants are resistant to degradation and pose serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. To address this issue, sustainable and low-cost treatment methods are urgently needed. Biosorption using agricultural waste has emerged as a promising alternative; however its performance is often limited by insufficient active binding sites. Therefore, surface modification using natural protein sources is proposed to enhance adsorption capacity and efficiency. This study aims to develop and evaluate longan peel modified with duck egg white (LP-DEW) as an eco-friendly biosorbent for indigo carmine removal. The effects of particle size and contact time were investigated, and adsorption kinetics were analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The results showed that LP-DEW exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 128.27 mg g^-1 at an optimal particle size of 63 μm and equilibrium time of 90 min. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. In conclusion, LP-DEW demonstrates high adsorption efficiency and favorable kinetics, highlighting its potential as a sustainable biosorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment.

References

1

[1] Chong, Z. T., Soh, L. S., & Yong, W. F. (2023). Valorization of agriculture wastes as biosorbents for adsorption of emerging pollutants: Modification, remediation and industry application. Results in Engineering, 17, 100960.

2

[2] W. Emily. (2025). Water pollution in the textile industry: An urgent call for sustainable innovation, Open Access Gov., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 394–395.

3

[3] A. P. Periyasamy. (2024). Several strategies for removing MB from waste water have been studied, including enzymatic procedures, photo degradation reactions, electrochemical extraction, membrane filtration, physical adsorption, and chemical coagulation., Sustain., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1–41.

4

[4] Gita, S., Hussan, A., & Choudhury, T. G. (2017). Impact of textile dyes waste on aquatic environments and its treatment. Environ. Ecol, 35(3C), 2349-2353.

5

[5] Zein, R., Hevira, L., Zilfa, Rahmayeni, Fauzia, S., & Ighalo, J. O. (2023). The improvement of indigo carmine dye adsorption by Terminalia catappa shell modified with broiler egg white. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(15), 13795-13812.

6

[6] Ghaly, A. E., Ananthashankar, R., Alhattab, M. V. V. R., & Ramakrishnan, V. V. (2014). Production, characterization and treatment of textile effluents: a critical review. J Chem Eng Process Technol, 5(1), 1-19.

7

[7] EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Bampidis, V., Azimonti, G., Bastos, M. D. L., Christensen, H., Durjava, M., ... & Vettori, M. V. (2024). Safety of a feed additive consisting of indigo carmine for cats, dogs and ornamental fish (Sensient Colors Europe GmbH). EFSA Journal, 22(7), e8909.

8

[8] Almazán-Sánchez, P. T., Linares-Hernández, I., Solache-Ríos, M. J., & Martínez-Miranda, V. (2016). Textile wastewater treatment using iron-modified clay and copper-modified carbon in batch and column systems. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227(4), 100.

9

[9] Abdullah, N. H., Borhan, A., & Saadon, S. Z. A. H. (2024). Biosorption of wastewater pollutants by chitosan-based porous carbons: A sustainable approach for advanced wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology Reports, 25, 101705.

10

[10] Adeniyi, A. G., & Ighalo, J. O. (2019). Biosorption of pollutants by plant leaves: An empirical review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(3), 103100.

11

[11] Ighalo, J. O., & Adeniyi, A. G. (2020). Adsorption of pollutants by plant bark derived adsorbents: an empirical review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 35, 101228.

12

[12] Elgarahy, A. M., Elwakeel, K. Z., Mohammad, S. H., & Elshoubaky, G. A. (2021). A critical review of biosorption of dyes, heavy metals and metalloids from wastewater as an efficient and green process. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 4, 100209.

13

[13] Wardani, G. A., Nuramalia, L., Wulandari, W. T., & Nofiyanti, E. (2020). Utilization of Jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa (jack) prain) as lead (II) ions bio-sorbent with column method. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 23(5), 160-166.

14

[14] Aminah, S., Said, I., Ningsih, P., & Alfiana, A. (2022, November). Optimum conditions for bioadsorption of lead (Pb) by durian skin waste biomass (duriobzibethinus). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1075, No. 1, p. 012021). IOP Publishing.

15

[15] W. N. Amala and Winarsih. (2024). Potential of Banana Peel and Coconut Fiber as Biosorbents for Pb Heavy Metals in Water,” Lentera Bio, vol. 13, pp. 368–376.

16

[16] Kurniawati, D., Bahrizal, & Marfania, C. (2020, March). Biosorption of Cd (II) ion from aqueous solution using immobilized Lengkeng (euphoria longan lour) shell. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1481, No. 1, p. 012012). IOP Publishing.

17

[17] Kurniawati, D., Ramadhani, E. D., Ali, R. K., Khair, M., Nizar, U. K., Nasra, E., & Sari, T. K. (2023, September). Effect of Particle Size and Mass of Longan Peel (Euphoria Longan L.) as Adsorbent on The Adsorption of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue Dyes Using the Column Method. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2582, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.

18

[18] Wannavijit, S., Outama, P., Le Xuan, C., Fontana, C. M., Paolucci, M., Sumon, M. A. A., ... & Van Doan, H. (2025). Evaluation of longan (Dimocarpus longan) peel powder as fruit by-product additive in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed: Effects on growth, immunity, and immune-antioxidant gene expressions. Heliyon, 11(1).

19

[19] Pervez, M. N., Jahid, M. A., Mishu, M. M. R., Talukder, M. E., Buonerba, A., Jiang, T., ... & Naddeo, V. (2023). Tuning the surface functionality of polyethylene glycol-modified graphene oxide/chitosan composite for efficient removal of dye. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 13460.

20

[20] Benbettaïeb, N., Gay, J. P., Karbowiak, T., & Debeaufort, F. (2016). Tuning the functional properties of polysaccharide–protein bio‐based edible films by chemical, enzymatic, and physical cross‐linking. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 15(4), 739-752.

21

[21] Thabede, P. M. (2023). Sorption capacity of carbon-based mandarin orange peels for removing methylene blue and ibuprofen from water. Applied Sciences, 13(18), 10511.

22

[22] Zou, H. X., Bai, X., Fan, X., Wang, M. H., Xu, Y. Y., Ma, F. Y., ... & Kuznetsov, P. N. (2023). Infrared spectroscopic evaluation for catalytic hydrogenation of biomass and coal using unsupervised and supervised algorithms. Fuel, 353, 129211.

23

[23] Stylianou, M., Christou, A., Dalias, P., Polycarpou, P., Michael, C., Agapiou, A., ... & Fatta-Kassinos, D. (2020). Physicochemical and structural characterization of biochar derived from the pyrolysis of biosolids, cattle manure and spent coffee grounds. Journal of the energy institute, 93(5), 2063-2073.

24

[24] Sudjaroen, Y., Hull, W. E., Erben, G., Würtele, G., Changbumrung, S., Ulrich, C. M., & Owen, R. W. (2012). Isolation and characterization of ellagitannins as the major polyphenolic components of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) seeds. Phytochemistry, 77, 226-237.

25

[25] Sun, J., Huang, Y., Liu, T., Jing, H., Zhang, F., Obadi, M., & Xu, B. (2022). Evaluation of crossing-linking sites of egg white protein–polyphenol conjugates: Fabricated using a conventional and ultrasound-assisted free radical technique. Food Chemistry, 386, 132606.

26

[26] Tintor, Đ., Ninković, K., Milošević, J., & Polović, N. Đ. (2024). Gaining insight into protein structure via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 134, 103726.

27

[27] Andoko, A., Gapsari, F., Diharjo, K., MR, S., & Siengchin, S. (2023). Isolation of microcellulose from timoho fiber using the process of delinigfication and maceration: evaluation of physical, chemical, structural, and thermal properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 224, 48-54.

28

[28] Al-Wasidi, A. S., Ahmed, M. A., Ahmed, H. A., Mahmoud, S. A., Mohamed, A. A., & Ahmed, M. A. (2025). Enhanced indigo carmine dye removal via chitosan-modified NiO-g-C3N4 catalyst: Adsorption and photocatalysis studies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 320, 145669.

29

[29] Altaleb, H. A. (2024). Effective removal of hazardous cationic dye from polluted water using sulfonated copolymer hydrogel: Synthesis, nonlinear isotherm, and kinetics investigation. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 28(3), 101852.

30

[30] Jabbariesgandani, A., & Walsh, J. L. (2023). Factors affecting decolourization efficiency of indigo carmine in a coaxial surface plasma falling film reactor. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 53, 103632.

31

[31] Ramadhani, E. D., & Kurniawati, D. (2021). Effect of contact time and agitation speed on the adsorption process of methylene blue dyes using longan shell (Euphoria longan L.) as biosorbent. Am. J. Sci. Eng. Res, 4(6), 143-149.

32

[32] Mathews, A. P. (2005). Effect of adsorbent particle layering on performance of conventional and tapered fixed-bed adsorbers. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 131(11), 1488-1494.

33

[33] Chen, S., Xia, Y., Zhang, B., Chen, H., Chen, G., & Tang, S. (2021). Disassembly of lignocellulose into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin for preparation of porous carbon materials with enhanced performances. Journal of hazardous materials, 408, 124956.

34

[34] Adam, F. A., Ghoniem, M. G., Diawara, M., Rahali, S., Abdulkhair, B. Y., Elamin, M. R., ... & Seydou, M. (2022). Enhanced adsorptive removal of indigo carmine dye by bismuth oxide doped MgO based adsorbents from aqueous solution: Equilibrium, kinetic and computational studies. RSC advances, 12(38), 24786-24803.

35

[35] R. Zein, R. Mashelina, and Emriadi. (2023). The Effect of Contact Time and Biosorbent Temperature on the Adsorption of Indigo Carmine Dyes in Kapok Husk Biosorbent Modified with Snail Meat and Kinetic Study,” Alotrop, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 92–99.

36

[36] Al-Fiydh, M. N., Najm, H. F., Karam, F. F., & Baqir, S. J. (2024). Thermodynamics, kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analysis of cationic dye adsorption by ternary composite. Results in Chemistry, 10, 101680.

37

[37] Shewatatek, S., Gonfa, G., Hailegiorgis, S. M., & Tessema, B. (2025). Adsorptive removal of lead ions from wastewater using modified diatomite. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 100900.

38

[38] Kumar, M., & Tamilarasan, R. (2017). Kinetics, equilibrium data and modeling studies for the sorption of chromium by Prosopis juliflora bark carbon. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1567-S1577.

39

[39] Chong, Z. T., Soh, L. S., & Yong, W. F. (2023). Valorization of agriculture wastes as biosorbents for adsorption of emerging pollutants: Modification, remediation and industry application. Results in Engineering, 17, 100960.