1
[1] Wangpaiboon, K., Laohawuttichai, P., Kim, S. Y., Mori, T., Nakapong, S., Pichyangkura, R., ... & Krusong, K. (2021). A GH13 α-glucosidase from Weissella cibaria uncommonly acts on short-chain maltooligosaccharides. Biological Crystallography, 77(8), 1064-1076.
2
[2] Kashtoh, H., & Baek, K. H. (2022). Recent updates on phytoconstituent alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: An approach towards the treatment of type two diabetes. Plants, 11(20), 2722.
3
[3] Khan, I. A., Ahmad, M., Ashfaq, U. A., Sultan, S., & Zaki, M. E. (2021). Discovery of amide-functionalized benzimidazolium salts as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Molecules, 26(16), 4760.
4
[4] Fallah, Z., Tajbakhsh, M., Alikhani, M., Larijani, B., Faramarzi, M. A., Hamedifar, H., ... & Mahdavi, M. (2022). A review on synthesis, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationships of 1, 2, 3-triazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors as promising anti-diabetic agents. Journal of molecular structure, 1255, 132469.
5
[5] Topuz, Ş., Demir, K., & Alici, H. (2025). Unraveling the Dynamic landscape of α-Glucosidase: a Molecular Dynamics approach to enzyme stability and Function. South African Journal of Chemistry, 79, 107-116.
6
[6] Deshmukh, S. K., Gupta, M. K., & Agrawal, S. (2023). Antidiabetic agents from fungi with special reference to α-glucosidase inhibitors. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 17(1), 24-61.
7
[7] Zhang, S., Wang, X., Wang, X., Fan, X., Liu, K., Sa, Y., ... & Chen, G. (2024). Establishment and application of a screening method for α-glucosidase inhibitors based on dual sensing and affinity chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 1720, 464822.
8
[8] Pan, G., Lu, Y., Wei, Z., Li, Y., Li, L., & Pan, X. (2024). A review on the in vitro and in vivo screening of α-glucosidase inhibitors. Heliyon, 10(18).
9
[9] Monroy-Cárdenas, M., Almarza, C., Valenzuela-Hormazábal, P., Ramírez, D., Urra, F. A., Martínez-Cifuentes, M., & Araya-Maturana, R. (2024). Identification of antioxidant methyl derivatives of ortho-carbonyl hydroquinones that reduce Caco-2 cell energetic metabolism and alpha-glucosidase activity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(15), 8334.
10
[10] Fisher, M. (2022). Acarbose and alpha glucosidase inhibitors. Diabetes Drug Notes, 229-238.
11
[11] Baishnab S, Hussain AT, Shandily S, Malik P. (2025). Navigating Diabetes Mellitus: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors As Therapeutic Allies. In: Receptor-Targeted Therapies In Diabetes Mellitus: From Pathophysiology To Innovative Treatments. Nova Science Publishers Inc.227–36.
12
[12] Yang, T., Yang, Z., Pan, F., Jia, Y., Cai, S., Zhao, L., ... & Wang, C. (2022). Construction of an MLR-QSAR model based on dietary flavonoids and screening of natural α-glucosidase inhibitors. Foods, 11(24), 4046.
13
[13] Xie, X., Lv, B., Gu, Y., Nian, X., & Yang, X. (2025). Research progress of α-glucosidase inhibitors from fermented food. Journal of Functional Foods, 135, 107076.
14
[14] Dilworth, L., Stennett, D., Facey, A., Omoruyi, F., Mohansingh, S., & Omoruyi, F. O. (2024). Diabetes and the associated complications: The role of antioxidants in diabetes therapy and care. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 181, 117641.
15
[15] Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., & Kukreti, S. (2022). Mechanistic insight into oxidative stress-triggered signaling pathways and type 2 diabetes. Molecules, 27(3), 950.
16
[16] Jeffrey, S., Isaac Samraj, P., & Sundara Raj, B. (2022). Therapeutic benefits of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Journal of dietary supplements, 19(4), 566-586.
17
[17] Kanwugu, O. N., Glukhareva, T. V., Danilova, I. G., & Kovaleva, E. G. (2022). Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(18), 5005-5028.
18
[18] Krawczyk, M., Burzynska-Pedziwiatr, I., Wozniak, L. A., & Bukowiecka-Matusiak, M. (2023). Impact of polyphenols on inflammatory and oxidative stress factors in diabetes mellitus: nutritional antioxidants and their application in improving antidiabetic therapy. Biomolecules, 13(9), 1402.
19
[19] Akpoveso, O. O. P., Ubah, E. E., & Obasanmi, G. (2023). Antioxidant phytochemicals as potential therapy for diabetic complications. Antioxidants, 12(1), 123.
20
[20] Sun, H., Saeedi, P., Karuranga, S., Pinkepank, M., Ogurtsova, K., Duncan, B. B., ... & Magliano, D. J. (2022). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 183, 109119.
21
[21] Grewal Asingh. (2025). Phenolic Compounds: An Aspect In The Management Of Diabetes Mellitus. In: Natural Therapeutics For Diabetes Mellitus: Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, And Bioactive Compounds. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. 107–26.
22
[22] Dinić, S., Arambašić Jovanović, J., Uskoković, A., Mihailović, M., Grdović, N., Tolić, A., ... & Vidaković, M. (2022). Oxidative stress-mediated beta cell death and dysfunction as a target for diabetes management. Frontiers in endocrinology, 13, 1006376.
23
[23] Azizah, R. N., Emelda, A., Asmaliani, I., Ahmad, I., & Fawwaz, M. (2022). Total phenolic, flavonoids, and carotenoids content and anti-obesity activity of purslane herb (Portulaca oleracea L.) ethanol extract. Pharmacogn J, 14(1), 8-13.
24
[24] Chen, W. C., Wang, S. W., Li, C. W., Lin, H. R., Yang, C. S., Chu, Y. C., ... & Chen, J. J. (2022). Comparison of various solvent extracts and major bioactive components from Portulaca oleracea for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-α-glucosidase activities. Antioxidants, 11(2), 398.
25
[25] Aly, S. H., Abd El Hafeez, M. S., Eldahshan, O. A., & Singab, A. N. B. Antioxidant Properties of Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants. In Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants (pp. 60-78). CRC Press.
26
[26] Rawat, G., Geetha, S. J., Pandit, S., Rajamohan, N., & Joshi, S. J. (2026). Flavonoids as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in cancer prevention. Vegetos, 1-11.
27
[27] Ali, A., Riaz, S., Khalid, W., Fatima, M., Mubeen, U., Babar, Q., ... & Madilo, F. K. (2024). Potential of ascorbic acid in human health against different diseases: an updated narrative review. International Journal of Food Properties, 27(1), 493-515.
28
[28] Wairata, J., Fadlan, A., Purnomo, A. S., Taher, M., & Ersam, T. (2022). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiplasmodial activities of Garcinia forbesii King: A correlation study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(2), 103541.
29
[29] Bobo‐García, G., Davidov‐Pardo, G., Arroqui, C., Vírseda, P., Marín‐Arroyo, M. R., & Navarro, M. (2015). Intra‐laboratory validation of microplate methods for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity on polyphenolic extracts, and comparison with conventional spectrophotometric methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(1), 204-209.
30
[30] Triadisti, N., Elya, B., Hanafi, M., & Hashim, N. M. (2024). Phytochemicals, antioxidant and inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase in Uncaria sclerophylla twigs and stems. Int J Agric Biol. 31(03):199–206.
31
[31] Klau, M. E., Rohaeti, E., Rafi, M., Artika, I. M., Ambarsari, L., & Nurcholis, W. (2023). Metabolite profiling of Curcuma xanthorriza varieties grown in different regions using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS and chemometrics analysis. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13(1), 1-13.
32
[32] Nkhumeleni, Z., Phoswa, W. N., & Mokgalaboni, K. (2024). Purslane ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. International journal of molecular sciences, 25(22), 12276.
33
[33] Karamalakova, Y., Petkova-Parlapanska, K., Hinkov, I., Vetskov, N., Georgieva, E., & Nikolova, G. (2024). The effect of radiation preservation on macromolecule content, antimicrobial activity and radical-scavenging potential of Portulaca oleracea L. leaves extract. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 59(2), 243-249.
34
[34] Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Li, C., Xue, Z., & Li, X. Advances in biosynthetic pathways, enzymes, and fermentation strain modification of acarbose. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 64(12), 4760-4773.
35
[35] Khan, I. A., Saddique, F. A., Aslam, S., Ashfaq, U. A., Ahmad, M., Al-Hussain, S. A., & Zaki, M. E. (2022). Synthesis of novel N-methylmorpholine-substituted benzimidazolium salts as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. Molecules, 27(18), 6012.
36
[36] Brown, H. A., Morris, A. L., Pudlo, N. A., Hopkins, A. E., Martens, E. C., Golob, J. L., & Koropatkin, N. M. (2024). Acarbose impairs gut Bacteroides growth by targeting intracellular glucosidases. MBio, 15(12), e01506-24.
37
[37] Zhang, H., Chen, G., Yang, J., Yang, C., & Guo, M. (2022). Screening and characterisation of potential antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic components revealed in Portulaca oleracea via multi‐target affinity ultrafiltration LC–MS and molecular docking. Phytochemical Analysis, 33(2), 272-285.
38
[38] Zahra A, Aisyah SI, Nurcholis W. (2026). Optimization Of Solvent Type And Solvent-To-Solid Ratio For The Extraction Of Phenolic Compounds And Antioxidant Capacity From Portulaca Oleracea L. Letters In Applied Nanobioscience.15(2).
39
[39] Güngör, Ö. Y., Yalçın, E., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Özkan, B. (2025). Chemical profiling by LC–MS/MS and GC–MS and biological activity assessment of different extracts of Portulaca oleracea through in-vitro and in-silico approaches. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 40511.
40
[40] Nath M, Sharma R, Bharali P, Devi D, Nath N. (2024). Phytochemical, Antioxidant And Antidiabetic Evaluation Of Portulaca Oleracea L. Medicinal Plants, International Journal Of Phytomedicines And Related Industries. 16(2):311–21.
41
[41] Jung, J. H., Hwang, S. B., Park, H. J., Jin, G. R., & Lee, B. H. (2021). Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of Portulaca oleracea powder intake in high‐fat diet‐induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021(1), 5587848.
42
[42] Kim, K. H., Park, E. J., Jang, H. J., Lee, S. J., Park, C. S., Yun, B. S., ... & Rho, M. C. (2019). 1-carbomethoxy-β-Carboline, derived from Portulaca oleracea L., ameliorates LPS-mediated inflammatory response associated with MAPK signaling and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Molecules, 24(22), 4042.
43
[43] Aisyah, S. I., Oktavia, A. W. P., Ayuningtyas, A. A., Putra, R. P., Prassiska, S., Jamilah, S., & Nurcholis, W. (2023). Differences in phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea and Portulaca grandiflora. Biodiversitas: Journal of Biological Diversity, 24(3), 1385.
44
[44] Diwakar S, Verma R, Bera SK, Mahapatra A Das, Hait M, Kashyap NK. (2026). Integrated Phytochemical Characterisation And LC-MS/MS Profiling Of Portulaca Oleracea With Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity Assessment. Asian Journal Of Chemistry. 38(7):1743–50.
45
[45] Lee, J. H., Park, J. E., & Han, J. S. (2020). Portulaca oleracea L. extract reduces hyperglycemia via PI3k/Akt and AMPK pathways in the skeletal muscles of C57BL/Ksj-db/db mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 260, 112973.
46
[46] Liew, Y. C., Lim, L. W. T., Lau, S. E., & Tan, B. C. (2025). Resilience of Portulaca plants to environmental stresses and the economic potential of their bioactive compounds. Planta, 262(3), 53.
47
[47] Melilli, M. G., Pagliaro, A., Bognanni, R., Scandurra, S., & Di Stefano, V. (2020). Antioxidant activity and fatty acids quantification in Sicilian purslane germplasm. Natural product research, 34(1), 26-33.
48
[48] Kamri AM, Putra B, Maryam S, Isma AFA, Muhtadzim A, Azizah RN. (2026). Green GC-MS Profiling Of Portulaca Oleracea Phytochemicals For Antirheumatic Potency: A Sustainable Source Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids And Natural Antioxidants. Asian Journal Of Green Chemistry. 10(3):528–38.
49
[49] Azizah, R. N. (2019). Antirheumatoid Artritis Effect of Purslane Herb Extract (portulaca oleracea l.) to Rat (rattus norvegicus) Induced by Complete Freuds Adjuvant. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 11(4), 314-319.
50
[50] Asmaliani, I., Putra, B., Emelda, A., & Azizah, R. N. (2024). Histopathological Profile of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Collagen-Type II Rheumatoid Arthritis and treated with Purslane Tea (Portulaca oleracea Linn.). Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(6), 7526.