Development of Herbal Tea Bags using Gotu Kola Leaves (Centella asiatica L. Urban) and Siamese Orange Peel (Citrus nobilis)

Diana Sylvi; Cesar Welya  Refdi; Sesi Kumala  Dewi

doi:10.24036/eksakta/vol25-iss04/558

EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA

Open Access

Development of Herbal Tea Bags using Gotu Kola Leaves (Centella asiatica L. Urban) and Siamese Orange Peel (Citrus nobilis)

Diana Sylvi ¹

, Cesar Welya Refdi ¹

, Sesi Kumala Dewi ¹

¹ Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia

Published 2024-12-30

Vol. 25 No. 04 (2024) PAGES 448-467

DOI 10.24036/eksakta/vol25-iss04/558

Views / Downloads 441 278

Download PDF

Abstract

Herbal tea is a beverage made from dried leaves, flowers, seeds, nuts, bark, fruits, and other plant components, excluding Camellia sinensis. This study developed herbal tea bags using gotu kola leaves (Centella asiatica) and Siamese orange peel (Citrus nobilis) sweetened with stevia to enhance flavor and antioxidants. The research aimed to assess the chemical and organoleptic characteristics and identify the most preferred formula. Treatments involved varying ratios of gotu kola leaves to Siamese orange peel: (100%: 0%), (80%: 20%), (75%: 25%), (70%: 30%), and (65%: 35%). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications was used, and data were analyzed using ANOVA and DNMRT at a 5% significance level. Results showed significant effects of mixing ratios on DPPH antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, water-soluble content, pH, IC50 antioxidant activity, and organoleptic attributes (color and aroma), but not on moisture content, ash content, TPC, or taste. Treatment E (65%: 35%) was optimal, with moisture content 7.54%, ash content 6.65%, DPPH antioxidant activity 58.02%, total polyphenols 746.67 mg GAE/g, water-soluble content 35.33%, TPC 2.8Ã—10Â³ CFU/g, pH 6.71, and IC50 67 ppm. Panelists preferred this formulation, scoring its color (3.96), aroma (3.72), and taste (3.72) as "like".

References

1

Anggraini, T. (2017). Proses dan Manfaat Teh: Volume 1. Padang: Erka Publishing.

2

Poswal, F. S., Russell, G., Mackonochie, M., MacLennan, E., Adukwu, E. C., & Rolfe, V. (2019). Herbal teas and their health benefits: a scoping review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 74, 266-276.

3

Fu, Y., Yang, J. C., Cunningham, A. B., Towns, A. M., Zhang, Y., Yang, H. Y., ... & Yang, X. F. (2018). A billion cups: The diversity, traditional uses, safety issues and potential of Chinese herbal teas. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 222, 217-228.

4

Huda, H. S. A., Majid, N. B. A., Chen, Y., Adnan, M., Ashraf, S. A., Roszko, M., ... & Sasidharan, S. (2024). Exploring the ancient roots and modern global brews of tea and herbal beverages: A comprehensive review of origins, types, health benefits, market dynamics, and future trends. Food Science & Nutrition.

5

Torbati, F. A., Ramezani, M., Dehghan, R., Amiri, M. S., Moghadam, A. T., Shakour, N., ... & Emami, S. A. (2021). Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological features of Centella asiatica: a comprehensive review. Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health, 451-499.

6

Aszrin, F. N., Adam, S. H., Mutalib, M. A., & Chia, H. An overview of Centella asiatica and its therapeutic applications.

7

Ploenkutham, R., Sripromma, P., Amornraksa, S., Yasurin, P., Sriariyanun, M., Asavasanti, S., & Soontrunnarudrungsri, A. (2019). Effected brewing time and temperature of centella asiatica tea on antioxidant activity and consumer acceptance. In Proceedings of the 2019 9th International Conference on Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics (pp. 82-85).

8

Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N. (2020). Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel. Food Research International, 132, 109114.

9

Athanasiadis, V., Chatzimitakos, T., Kotsou, K., Palaiogiannis, D., Bozinou, E., & Lalas, S. I. (2022). Optimization of the extraction parameters for the isolation of bioactive compounds from orange peel waste. Sustainability, 14(21), 13926.

10

Indrastuti, N., & Aminah, S. (2020). Potensi Limbah Kulit Jeruk Lokal Sebagai PAngan Fungsional The Potential of Peel Local Orange Waste as Functional Food.

11

Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Yadav, M. P. (2021). Insights into the chemical composition and bioactivities of citrus peel essential oils. Food Research International, 143, 110231.

12

Maqbool, Z., Khalid, W., Atiq, H. T., Koraqi, H., Javaid, Z., Alhag, S. K., ... & Al-Farga, A. (2023). Citrus waste as source of bioactive compounds: Extraction and utilization in health and food industry. Molecules, 28(4), 1636.

13

Zareiyan, F., & Khajehsharifi, H. (2021). Analyzing Bioactive Compounds in Essential Oil of Citrus maxima and Citrus sinensis Peel. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 24(4), 677-682.

14

Dewi, A. D. R. (2019). Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Manis dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Pengawet Pangan. Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Pangan, 30(1), 83-90.

15

Sinulingga, S. E., Sebayang, L. B., & Sihotang, S. (2021). Inovasi Pembuatan Teh Herbal dari Jantung Pisang dengan Tambahan Daun Stevia Sebagai Pemanis Alami. Jurnal Bios Logos, 11(2), 147-154.

16

Sukmawati, Y., Kristanto, S. P., Amalia, L., Hakim, L., Hiro, E. S., Mahbubi, D., ... & Taufik, D. (2023). Infrastruktur Sumber Air Minum Yang Dilengkapi Dengan Monitoring PH Air. Jurnal Pengabdian Harapan Bangsa, 1(3), 118-123.

17

Irkin, R., DoÄŸan, S., DeÄŸirmencioÄŸlu, N., Diken, M. E., & GÃ¼ldaÅŸ, M. (2015). Phenolic content, antioxidant activities and stimulatory roles of citrus fruits on some lactic acid bacteria.

18

Raden, S. N., Aminah, S., Indrastuti, N. A., & Larasati, A. N. (2021). Pengaruh Perbandingan Kulit Jeruk Siam Dengan Cascara Arabika Dan Waktu Penyeduhan Terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia Teh Celup: Karakteristik Fisikokimia Teh Kulit Jeruk Dan Cascara. JURNAL AGROINDUSTRI HALAL, 7(2), 207-214.

19

Haya, S., Bentahar, F., & Trari, M. (2019). Optimization of polyphenols extraction from orange peel. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 13, 614-621.

20

Batubara, S. C., & Pratiwi, N. A. (2018). Pengembangan minuman berbasis teh dan rempah sebagai minuman fungsional. Jurnal Industri Kreatif dan Kewirausahaan, 1(2).

21

[BSN] Badan Standardisasi Nasional. SNI 3836:2013 Teh Kering dalam Kemasan. Jakarta: Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2013, 36 pages.

22

Nguyen, P., & Nguyen, H. (2023). Factors influencing the quality of orange peel tea. Tra Vinh University Journal of Science, 2023.

23

Sabaragamuwa, R., & Perera, C. O. (2023). Total triterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of Bioactive Phytochemicals of Centella asiatica by different extraction techniques. Foods, 12(21), 3972.

24

Alibas, I., Zia, M. P., Yilmaz, A., & Asik, B. B. (2020). Drying kinetics and quality characteristics of green apple peel (Mallus communis L. var.â€œGranny Smithâ€) used in herbal tea production. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44(2), e14332.

25

Latarissa, S. H., Breemer, R., & Palijama, S. (2022). Effect of Drying Time on Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Nutmeg Peel Herbal Tea (Myristica fragrans Houtt). Jurnal Agrosilvopasture-Tech, 1(2), 66-72.

26

Assamoa, K., Yao, A., & Yvette, F. (2020). Phytochemical characterization of herbal tea from oranges peels (Citrus sinensis var. Blonde) marketed in Abidjan. 116-125.

27

Czech, A., Zarycka, E., Yanovych, D., Zasadna, Z., Grzegorczyk, I., & KÅ‚ys, S. (2020). Mineral content of the pulp and peel of various citrus fruit cultivars. Biological Trace Element Research, 193, 555-563.

28

Sutardi, S. (2016). Kandungan bahan aktif tanaman pegagan dan khasiatnya untuk meningkatkan sistem imun tubuh. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 35(3), 121-130.

29

Asyari, R. P., Velayati, J. M., & Sayekti, T. (2022). Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Jeruk sebagai Fortifikan Guna Memperkaya Nilai Gizi pada Cokelat. Jurnal Tadris IPA Indonesia, 2(2), 121-130.

30

Youssef, M. (2023). Utilization of Some Citrus Peels in Formulating Functional Cookies and Pasta. Alexandria Journal of Food Science and Technology, 21(2), 21-32.

31

Deviyanti, S. (2021). Potensi Nonkariogenik Ekstrak Daun Stevia Rebaudianabertoni Sebagai Pemanis Alami Pengganti Gula. B-Dent: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah, 8(3), 293-305.

32

Rahim, E. F. A., Leong, S. S., Malahubban, M., Latif, K., & Sarbini, S. R. (2022). Banana (Musa acuminata), orange (Citrus reticulata), and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) peels as prebiotic.

33

Das, S., & Das, B. (2023). Antioxidant Activity Of Centella asiatica Leaves By DPPH Radical Scavenging Method. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 3476-3478.

34

Ikhrar, M. S., Yudistira, A., & Wewengkang, D. S. (2019). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Stylissa sp. dengan Metode DPPH (1, 1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Pharmacon, 8(4), 961-967.

35

Rahim, M. A., Baharudin, N. A., Nazri, I. A., Mohamad, S., & Muazzam, K. A. A. R. (2021). Effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of leaves of Centella asiatica. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 756, No. 1, p. 012054). IOP Publishing.

36

Dari, A. W., Narsa, A. C., & Zamruddin, N. M. (2020, December). Literature Review: Aktivitas Kulit Jeruk dalam Bidang Farmasi. In Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences (Vol. 12, pp. 125-151).

37

Dewi, Y. S. (2022). The study of citrus peels (Citrus amblycarpa) mass ratio substitution on physicochemical of rich-antioxidant of liang tea. Poltekita: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 16(2), 241-248.

38

Annisa, B., Mierza, V., Fajriah, S., Dewi, R., Angelina, M., Primahana, G., & Sukirno, S. (2024). Isolation of new asiatic acid derivative from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban as antioxidant. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.

39

Aina, Q., Ferdiana, S., & Rahayu, F. C. (2019). Penggunaan daun stevia sebagai pemanis dalam pembuatan sirup empon-empon. Journal of Scientech Research and Development, 1(1), 001-011.

40

Nasir, N. (2019). Formulation and anti-aging evaluation of polyherbal tea. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 2019.

41

Quyen, N. T. C., Quyen, N. T. N., Quy, N. N., & Quan, P. M. (2020). Evaluation of total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 991, No. 1, p. 012020). IOP Publishing.

42

Koolaji, N., Shammugasamy, B., Schindeler, A., Dong, Q., Dehghani, F., & Valtchev, P. (2020). Citrus peel flavonoids as potential cancer prevention agents. Current developments in nutrition, 4(5), nzaa025.

43

Riza, A., Ilyas, S., Sjamsudin, E., & Delyuzar, D. (2024). Effect of Extraction Method and Solvent Type on Total Phenolics Content, Total Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Pegagan Extract (Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban). Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research, 8(1), 3873-3881.

44

Mahardani, O. T., & Yuanita, L. (2021). Efek metode pengolahan dan penyimpanan terhadap kadar senyawa fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan. Unesa Journal of Chemistry, 10(1), 64-78.

45

Gunathilake, K. D. P. P., Ranaweera, K. K. D. S., & Rupasinghe, H. P. V. (2019). Response surface optimization for recovery of polyphenols and carotenoids from leaves of Centella asiatica using an ethanolâ€based solvent system. Food science & nutrition, 7(2), 528-536.

46

Idris, F. N., & Mohd Nadzir, M. (2021). Comparative studies on different extraction methods of Centella asiatica and extracts bioactive compounds effects on antimicrobial activities. Antibiotics, 10(4), 457.

47

Mohapatra, P., Ray, A., Jena, S., Nayak, S., & Mohanty, S. (2021). Influence of extraction methods and solvent system on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica L. leaves. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 33, 101971.

48

Nurlinda, M. S. (2016). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Serbuk Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam) Dan Tingkat Kehalusan Bahan Terhadap Karakteristik Minuman Instan Serbuk Kacang Hijau (Vigna Radiata L.) (Doctoral dissertation, Fakultas Teknik Unpas).

49

Zhang, W., Liu, D., Fu, X., Xiong, C., & Nie, Q. (2022). Peel essential oil composition and antibacterial activities of Citrus x sinensis L. Osbeck â€˜taroccoâ€™and Citrus reticulata blanco. Horticulturae, 8(9), 793.

50

Yuwono, S. S., Putri, W. D. R., & Winarti, C. (2024). Mandarin citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Terigas) peel essential oil as a potential nanoemulsion ingredient: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, and antibacterial activity. In BIO Web of Conferences (Vol. 123, p. 02004). EDP Sciences.

51

Liew, S. S., Ho, W. Y., Yeap, S. K., & Sharifudin, S. A. B. (2018). Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts. PeerJ, 6, e5331.

52

Siagian, I. D. N., Bintoro, V. P., & Nurwantoro, N. (2020). Karakteristik fisik, kimia dan organoleptik teh celup daun tin dengan penambahan daun stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) sebagai Pemanis. Jurnal Teknologi Pangan, 4(1), 23-29.

53

Azzouzi, H., Elhajji, L., Achchoub, M., Salmaoui, S., Ammadi, A., Harrak, H., ... & Elfazazi, K. (2023). Moroccan Citrus clementina Peels: Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Determination of Chemical and Functional Properties. Plants, 12(19), 3417.

54

Tuan, N. T., Huong, B. T. C., & Danh, L. T. (2019). One step extraction of essential oils and pectin from pomelo (Citrus grandis) peels. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 142, 107550.

55

Purnamasari, V., Nurlina, N., & Anwar, A. S. (2023). Formulasi dan Evaluasi Masker Hyrogel Ekstrak Etanol Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L). Urb) Sebagai Antiaging dengan Variasi Basis Carbopol dan HPMC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research, 4(2), 285-296.

56

Nguyen, Q. D. (2022). Degradation Kinetics of Chlorophyll Pigments in Dried Leaves of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms during Storage. Journal of Technical Education Science, 17(Special Issue 01), 57-66.

57

Jimi, J., Febrina, A., Rozana, R., & Frengki, F. (2023). Potensi Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Jeruk Siam (Citrus Nobilis Var. Microcarpa) Menjadi Minyak Atsiri Untuk Skala Industri Rumah Tangga Di Kabupaten Sambas. Journal of Food Security and Agroindustry, 1(2), 69-76.

58

Lombardelli, C., Benucci, I., & Esti, M. (2021). Novel food colorants from tomatoes: Stability of carotenoid-containing chromoplasts under different storage conditions. LWT, 140, 110725.

59

Remadevi, R. K. S., Sadasivan Nair, A. N., & Baby, S. (2023). Chemical profile and antiproliferative activity of essential oil of Centella asiatica from Mebo, Pasighat in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 13(5), 460-468.

60

Silva, C. S., Oliveira, A., Pinto, S. V., Manso, M. C., & Ferreira da Vinha, A. (2018). Natural resources with sweetener power: phytochemistry and antioxidant characterisation of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.), sensorial and centesimal analyses of lemon cake recipes with S. rebaudiana incorporation. Egitania Sciencia, 23, 141-159.

61

Huang, J., Lu, Y. J., Guo, C., Zuo, S., Zhou, J. L., Wong, W. L., & Huang, B. (2021). The study of citrusâ€derived flavonoids as effective bitter taste inhibitors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(12), 5163-5171.

62

Angelina, G., Tyastiningrum, E., Sitorus, E. M., & Aini, N. (2022). Enkapsulasi Serbuk Simplisia dan Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk serta Aplikasinya pada Vegetables Jam. Jurnal Agroteknologi, 15(02), 166-181.

63

Coelho, K. Y., de Oliveira, A. A., Brumano, M. H. N., & Fidelis, P. C. (2020). Stability of total phenolic and antioxidant capacity in ready-to-drink black and green tea formulations. Research, Society and Development, 9(10), e219108160-e219108160.

64

Aldiab, D. (2018). Effect of preparation conditions on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of various teas and herbal teas. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(3), 222-226.