Exploring Cosmological Dynamics: From FLRW Universe to Cosmic Microwave Background Fluctuations

Budiman  Nasution; Winsyahputra  Ritonga; Ruben Cornelius Siagian; Veryyon  Harahap; Lulut Alfaris; Aldi Cahya Muhammad; Nazish Laeiq

doi:10.24036/eksakta/vol23-iss04/427

EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA

Open Access

Exploring Cosmological Dynamics: From FLRW Universe to Cosmic Microwave Background Fluctuations

Budiman Nasution ¹

, Winsyahputra Ritonga ¹

, Ruben Cornelius Siagian ²

, Veryyon Harahap ³

, Lulut Alfaris ⁴

, Aldi Cahya Muhammad ⁵

, Nazish Laeiq ⁶

¹ Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia.

² Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia

³ Department of Radiodiagnostics and Radiotherapy, Efarina University, Pematangsiantar, Indonesia.

⁴ Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran, Pangandaran, Indonesia.

⁵ Departement of Electrical and Electronic Enginering, Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

⁶ Depaertement of Computer Science, Institute of Technology and Management Aligarh, India.

Published 2023-12-30

Vol. 24 No. 04 (2023) PAGES 500-512

DOI 10.24036/eksakta/vol23-iss04/427

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Abstract

This study explores key aspects of cosmology, starting with the foundational FLRW equations that describe the universe's evolution, emphasizing its homogeneity and isotropy. We incorporate mass viscosity into these equations, shedding light on its role in shaping the universe. Observations of Type Ia supernovae inform our understanding of cosmological parameters, including the Hubble rate and dark energy's effects on cosmic expansion. Cosmic Microwave Background fluctuations are analyzed for insights into cosmic structure. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations provide additional data for estimating critical parameters. We also examine the Hubble Parameter to understand its relation to cosmological parameters. Lastly, we introduce statefinder analysis, unveiling the universe's behavior through key indicators like "r" and "s." This study offers comprehensive insights into cosmology and the universe's evolution.

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Exploring Cosmological Dynamics: From FLRW Universe to Cosmic Microwave Background Fluctuations

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