Article Sidebar

Submitted
Mar 25, 2023
Accepted
May 23, 2023
Published
Sep 30, 2023
Download
pdf
Statistic
Read Counter : 194 Download : 144

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease indicated by plaque build-up in the arteries due to increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides, and decreased high-density lipoproteins (HDL). It is also associated with disruption of renal function high creatinine blood level. This study aims to identify atherosclerosis based on differences in total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and creatinine levels in 35.509 residents from 33 provinces and rural-urban areas in Indonesia. This study uses two-factor MANOVA where the province and rural-urban are the factors, followed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results show differences between total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, and creatinine levels of the residents among provinces and rural-urban areas. The Residents from Bangka Belitung and North Sulawesi provinces have the highest risk of atherosclerosis, and Jambi province has the most balanced condition. Urban residents tend to be at risk for atherosclerosis due to high levels of LDL, while rural residents are at risk by low HDL or high creatinine levels

Keywords

Atherosclerosis MANOVA ANOVA Tukey

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
1.
Maulana Achiar AL, Aidi MN, Kurnia A, Widoretno W. Identification of Atherosclerosis Based on The Differences in Cholesterol and Creatinine in Indonesia with Multivariate Analysis of Variance. EKSAKTA [Internet]. 2023Sep.30 [cited 2024Dec.3];23(03):315-29. Available from: https://eksakta.ppj.unp.ac.id/index.php/eksakta/article/view/417

References

  1. P. Boucher, R. L. Matz, and J. Terrand. (2020). Atherosclerosis: Gone with the Wnt?. Atherosclerosis, vol. 301, pp. 15–22.
  2. F. Schill, M. Persson, G. Engström, O. Melander, and S. Enhörning. (2021). Copeptin as a marker of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, vol. 338, pp. 64–68.
  3. W. Li et al.. (2023). Spatial metabolomics identifies lipid profiles of human carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, vol. 364, pp. 20–28.
  4. K. R. Bainey et al.. (2019). The Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians Residing in Canada: A Reflection From the South Asian Heart Alliance. CJC Open, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 271–281.
  5. J.-J. Li et al.. (2020). Tackling cardiometabolic risk in the Asia Pacific region. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol., vol. 4, p. 100096.
  6. WHO. (2020). World health statistics 2020: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  7. A. Kuruvilla, S. Mishra, and K. Ghosh. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases among employees in a university setting: A cross-sectional study. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal., vol. 21, p. 101282.
  8. R. Shrivastav, T. Rawal, I. Kataria, R. Mehrotra, S. Bassi, and M. Arora. (2023). Accelerating policy response to curb non-communicable diseases: an imperative to mitigate the dual public health crises of non-communicable diseases and COVID-19 in India. Lancet Reg. Heal. - Southeast Asia, vol. 10, p. 100132.
  9. D. Zhao. (2021). Epidemiological Features of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia. JACC Asia, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–13.
  10. Kemenkes RI. (2021). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2020. Jakarta.
  11. S. Misra, T. Lyngdoh, and R. Mulchandani. (2022). Guidelines for dyslipidemia management in India: A review of the current scenario and gaps in research. Indian Heart J., vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 341–350.
  12. N. Thongtang, R. Sukmawan, E. J. B. Llanes, and Z. V. Lee. (2022). Dyslipidemia management for primary prevention of cardiovascular events: Best in-clinic practices. Prev. Med. Reports, vol. 27, p. 101819.
  13. E. J. Schaefer et al.. (2023). Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men, women, African Americans and non-African Americans: The pooling project. Atherosclerosis, vol. 367, pp. 15–23.
  14. M. Wake, A. Oh, Y. Onishi, F. Guelfucci, Y. Shimasaki, and T. Teramoto. (2019). Adherence and persistence to hyperlipidemia medications in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and those with diabetes mellitus based on administrative claims data in Japan. Atherosclerosis, vol. 282, pp. 19–28.
  15. T. Aberra et al.. (2020). The association between triglycerides and incident cardiovascular disease: What is ‘optimal’?. J. Clin. Lipidol., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 438-447.
  16. Y. Takaeko et al.. (2021). Lower triglyceride levels are associated with better endothelial function. J. Clin. Lipidol., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 500–511.
  17. D. H. K. van Dam-Nolen et al.. (2021). Lipoprotein(a) levels and atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in the carotid artery: The Plaque at RISK (PARISK) study. Atherosclerosis, vol. 329, pp. 22–29, 2021.
  18. F. Mayyas and E. Bani Omar. (2022). Plasma lipoprotein (a) and tissue plasminogen activator are associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 7, p. e09836.
  19. K. F. Faridi and N. R. Desai. (2023). Moving Toward Combination Lipid-Lowering Therapy for All Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol., vol. 14, p. 100491.
  20. M. Heier et al.. (2019). High-density lipoprotein function is associated with atherosclerotic burden and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis, vol. 282, pp. 183–187.
  21. X. Hu et al.. (2022). Elevated serum uric acid was associated with pre-inflammatory state and impacted the role of HDL-C on carotid atherosclerosis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1661–1669.
  22. E. W. Kjeldsen, J. Q. Thomassen, and R. Frikke-Schmidt. (2022). HDL cholesterol concentrations and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – Insights from randomized clinical trials and human genetics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, vol. 1867, no. 1, p. 159063.
  23. Z. Wang et al.. (2022). Impact of NAFLD and its pharmacotherapy on lipid profile and CVD. Atherosclerosis, vol. 355, pp. 30–44.
  24. J. L. C. Anderson, S. J. L. Bakker, and U. J. F. Tietge. (2021). The triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio and chronic graft failure in renal transplantation. J. Clin. Lipidol., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 301–310.
  25. X. Li, H. Du, W. Yang, J. Chen, X. Li, and X. Chen. (2022). The association of renal impairment with different patterns of intracranial arterial calcification: Intimal and medial calcification. Atherosclerosis, vol. 363, pp. 42–47.
  26. C. A. Amado Diago and J. A. Amado Señaris. (2020). Should we pay more attention to low creatinine levels?. Endocrinol. Diabetes y Nutr. (English ed.), vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 486–492.
  27. Direktorat P2PTM Kemenkes RI. (2019). Mengenali Tanda dan Gejala Serangan Dini Penyakit Jantung Koroner. P2PTM Kemenkes RI, p. 30, 2019.
  28. S. Fatumo et al.. (2022). Uganda Genome Resource: A rich research database for genomic studies of communicable and non-communicable diseases in Africa,” Cell Genomics, vol. 2, no. 11, p. 100209.
  29. C. Lassale, C. W. Cené, A. Asselin, M. Sims, X. Jouven, and B. Gaye. (2022). Sociodemographic determinants of change in cardiovascular health in middle adulthood in a bi-racial cohort. Atherosclerosis, vol. 346, pp. 98–108.
  30. M. Ardiana et al.. (2022). Higher cardiovascular risks and Atherogenic Index of Plasma found in police officers of country in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal., vol. 17, no. September, p. 101132.
  31. H. Alolabi, M. O. Alchallah, F. Mohsen, M. Marrawi, and Z. Alourfi. (2022). Social and psychosocial factors affecting eating habits among students studying at the Syrian Private University: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study. Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 5.
  32. W. Mude and T. Nyanhanda. (2023). Food behaviours and eating habits among Sub-Saharan African migrant mothers of school-aged children in South Australia. J. Migr. Heal., vol. 7, p. 100149.
  33. X. Tezzo, H. M. Aung, B. Belton, P. Oosterveer, and S. R. Bush. (2021). Consumption practices in transition: Rural-urban migration and the food fish system in Myanmar. Geoforum, vol. 127, pp. 33–45.
  34. S. Nabdi, S. Boujraf, and M. Benzagmout. (2022). Evaluation of rural-urban patterns in dietary intake: A descriptive analytical study – Case series. Ann. Med. Surg., vol. 84, p. 104972, 2022.
  35. BPS. (2021). Pengeluaran Untuk Konsumsi Penduduk Indonesia Berdasarkan Hasil Susenas Maret 2021. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia, no. 105. Jakarta.
  36. Permenkes RI. (2014). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Perpublik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2014 Tentang Pedoman Gizi Seimbang. Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, p. 96, 2014.
  37. A. Nanditha et al.. (2021). Secular trends in cardiovascular risk factors among urban and rural populations in Tamil Nadu, India – An ancillary analysis of the STRiDE-I study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 178, p. 108930.
  38. PERKENI. (2019). Pedoman Pengelolaan Dislipidemi di Indonesia 2019. PB. Perkeni, p. 65.
  39. K. R. Pillai and I. Christina. (2020). Causes of Under-5 Mortality Among Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa Nations: A Comparative Study. Value Heal. Reg. Issues, vol. 21, pp. 238–244.
  40. J. Mueller-Coyne, C. Voss, and K. Turner. (2022). The impact of loneliness on the six dimensions of online disinhibition, Comput. Hum. Behav. Reports, vol. 5, p. 100169.
  41. A. Simó. (2023). On using Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces for the analysis of Replicated Spatial Point Processes. Spat. Stat., vol. 54, p. 100739.
  42. H. Watanabe, M. Hyodo, and S. Nakagawa. (2020). Two-way MANOVA with unequal cell sizes and unequal cell covariance matrices in high-dimensional settings. J. Multivar. Anal., vol. 179, p. 104625.
  43. PERKENI. (2021). Panduan Pengelolaan Dislipidemia di Indonesia 2021. PB PERKENI.
  44. S. A. Ningsih, H. Rusmini, R. Purwaningrum, and Z. Zulfian. (2021). Hubungan Kadar Kreatinin dengan Durasi Pengobatan HD pada Penderita Gagal Ginjal Kronik. J. Ilm. Kesehat. Sandi Husada, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 202–207.
  45. A. F. M. Alkarkhi and W. A. A. Alqaraghuli. (2020). Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Appl. Stat. Environ. Sci. with R, pp. 87–112.
  46. A. S. Rahmawati and D. Wolo. (2022). The Effect of DiSTAD Learning Model on the Critical Thinking Skill and Learning Motivation. Eksakta Berk. Ilm. Bid. MIPA, vol. 23, no. 03, pp. 145–157.
  47. K. Budny. (2022). Improved probability inequalities for Mardia’s coefficient of kurtosis. Stat. Probab. Lett., vol. 191, pp. 1–8.
  48. M. Mayrhofer and P. Filzmoser. (2023). Multivariate outlier explanations using Shapley values and Mahalanobis distances. Econom. Stat.
  49. F. L. Huang. (2020). MANOVA: A Procedure Whose Time Has Passed?,” Gift. Child Q., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 56–60.
  50. M. Friendly and M. Sigal. (2018). Visualizing Tests for Equality of Covariance Matrices,” Am. Stat., pp. 1–23.
  51. K. N. Smith, K. N. Lamb, and R. K. Henson. (2020). Making Meaning out of MANOVA: The Need for Multivariate Post Hoc Testing in Gifted Education Research. Gift. Child Q., vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 41–55.
  52. Kemenkes RI. (2016). Profil Penyakit Tidak Menular Tahun 2016. p. 106. Jakarta.
  53. Balitbangkes RI. (2019). Laporan Riskesdas 2018 Nasional. Lembaga Penerbit Balitbangkes. Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, p. 628. Jakarta.
  54. P. Song et al.. (2019). Socioeconomic and geographic variations in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of dyslipidemia in middle-aged and older Chinese. Atherosclerosis, vol. 282, pp. 57–66.
  55. E. van der Linden et al.. (2019). Dyslipidaemia among Ghanaian migrants in three European countries and their compatriots in rural and urban Ghana: The RODAM study. Atherosclerosis, vol. 284, pp. 83–91.
  56. L. Xing et al.. (2020). Epidemiology of dyslipidemia and associated cardiovascular risk factors in northeast China: A cross-sectional study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2262–2270.